🗣️ Freedom of Expression: A Pillar of Democracy

Freedom of expression is one of the foundations of every democratic society. It reflects the natural human need to share ideas, speak freely, and access information—through speech, writing, or any means of communication.

Even though this right is formally guaranteed by major international agreements, it is still restricted or undermined—sometimes severely—in many parts of the world.

đź“ś What the Law Says

Key international texts protect this right:

  • Article 19 – Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

    Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression…

  • Article 10 – European Convention on Human Rights:

    Includes the freedom to receive and share information, without interference or borders.

  • Article 11 – EU Charter of Fundamental Rights:

    Emphasizes media freedom and pluralism.

  • Article 21 – Italian Constitution:

    Everyone can freely express thoughts through speech, writing, and any media.

These guarantees apply to everyone—citizens and non-citizens alike.

⚖️ Rights and Responsibilities

Freedom of expression includes:

  • Freedom of speech

  • Freedom of the press

  • The right to seek and share information

But this right is not absolute. Restrictions are allowed only if:

  1. Clearly defined by law

  2. Aimed at a legitimate goal

  3. Necessary and proportionate

🧭 When Limits Apply

For example, journalists must respect three key standards:

  • Truthfulness of facts

  • Relevance to public interest

  • Respectful language

Article 10(2) of the European Convention explains that freedom of expression can be limited to protect:

  • Public safety

  • Health and morals

  • Reputation of others

  • National security

  • The integrity of the judiciary

The European Court of Human Rights has clarified that any limitation must be clear, accessible, and predictable to avoid arbitrary restrictions.

🌍 Striking the Balance

Protecting freedom of expression means balancing individual rights with collective needs. Even fundamental freedoms require limits—but only when those limits are lawful, necessary, and fair.

Democracy demands not only laws, but vigilance. Turning legal rights into real freedoms remains a challenge for all nations—and a mission for those who defend human dignity.